Dutch

• adj.オランダ語; オランダ語; オランダ語を話す
• n. オランダ語
• cost-equalised; 個別に支払われる。

14世紀以前はゲルマン語の総称として使われ、16世紀以降はオランダを指すようになった。

Dutch (adj.)

late 14c., used first of Germans generally, after c. 1600 of Hollanders, from Middle Dutch duutsch, from Old High German duit-isc, corresponding to Old English teodisc "belonging to the people," used especially of the common language of Germanic people, from teod "people, race, nation," from Proto-Germanic *theudo "popular, national" (see Teutonic), from PIE root *teuta- "people" (cognates: Old Irish tuoth "people," Old Lithuanian tauta "people," Old Prussian tauto "country," Oscan touto "community").

As a language name, first recorded as Latin theodice, 786 C.E. in correspondence between Charlemagne's court and the Pope, in reference to a synodical conference in Mercia; thus it refers to Old English. First reference to the German language (as opposed to a Germanic one) is two years later. The sense was extended from the language to the people who spoke it (in German, Diutisklant, ancestor of Deutschland, was in use by 13c.).

Sense narrowed to "of the Netherlands" in 17c., after they became a united, independent state and the focus of English attention and rivalry. In Holland, Duits (formerly duitsch) is used of the people of Germany. The Middle English sense survives in Pennsylvania Dutch, name of the people who immigrated from the Rhineland and Switzerland.

Since c. 1600, Dutch (adj.) has been a "pejorative label pinned by English speakers on almost anything they regard as inferior, irregular, or contrary to 'normal' (i.e., their own) practice" [Rawson]. E.g. Dutch treat (1887), Dutch uncle (1838), etc. -- probably exceeded in such usage only by Indian and Irish -- reflecting first British commercial and military rivalry and later heavy German immigration to U.S.

The Dutch themselves spoke English well enough to understand the unsavory connotations of the label and in 1934 Dutch officials were ordered by their government to stop using the term Dutch. Instead, they were to rewrite their sentences so as to employ the official The Netherlands. [Rawson]

Dutch oven is from 1769; OED lists it among the words describing things from Holland, but perhaps it is here used in the slighting sense. Dutch elm disease (1927) so called because it was first discovered in Holland (caused by fungus Ceratocystis ulmi).

1. You 'll be amazed at the culinary creations possible in a Dutch oven.

オランダのオーブンでできる食べ物の多さに驚かされます。

2.A Dutch newspaper photographed the president waiting forlornly in the rain.

オランダの新聞が、大統領が雨の中でただ待っている写真を撮った。

3.The old Dutch fort with its thick high walls looks virtually impregnable.

古いオランダの城の壁は厚くて高く、ほとんど金湯のように見えます。

4. Dutch colonial authorities imprisoned him for his part in the independence movement.

オランダの植民地当局は彼が独立運動に参加したことで彼を監禁した。

5. Dutch police told off two of the gang,aged 10 and 11.

オランダ警察は、10歳と11歳のチンピラの2人を訓戒した。