frank

• adj. 率直な、率直な、正直な
• n. フリーメーリング特権
• vt.無料郵送

Frank、Frankish、部族名から。紀元5世紀、西ヨーロッパ全体はまだ一種の野蛮な部族時代であり、社会全体が自由人、捕虜、奴隷の3つの階級に分かれていた。部族名が一般化した後、自由、高貴、美しい、優雅、寛大、誠実など、多くの美しい言葉の意味が与えられた。その後、この言葉は主に率直さに使われるようになり、他の意味は使われなくなった。映画『ポンペイの終焉』を参照。

古ゲルマン語の*frankon, javelin（槍）に由来する可能性があり、語源はフォークと同じかもしれない。 サクソン語を比較すると、語源はsaxe（斧）と同じである。

frank

frank: [13] To call someone frank is to link them with the Germanic people who conquered Gaul around 500 AD, the Franks, who gave their name to modern France and the French. After the conquest, full political freedom was granted only to ethnic Franks or to those of the subjugated Celts who were specifically brought under their protection. Hence, franc came to be used as an adjective meaning ‘free’ – a sense it retained when English acquired it from Old French: ‘He was frank and free born in a free city’, John Tiptoft, Julius Caesar’s commentaries 1470.

In both French and English, however, it gradually progressed semantically via ‘liberal, generous’ and ‘open’ to ‘candid’. Of related words in English, frankincense [14] comes from Old French franc encens, literally ‘superior incense’ (‘superior’ being a now obsolete sense of French franc), and franc [14], the French unit of currency, comes from the Latin phrase Francorum rex ‘king of the Franks’, which appeared on the coins minted during the reign of Jean le Bon (1350–64).

The Franks, incidentally, supposedly got their name from their preferred weapon, the throwing spear, in Old English franca.
=> french

frank (adj.)

c. 1300, "free, liberal, generous;" 1540s, "outspoken," from Old French franc "free (not servile); without hindrance, exempt from; sincere, genuine, open, gracious, generous; worthy, noble, illustrious" (12c.), from Medieval Latin francus "free, at liberty, exempt from service," as a noun, "a freeman, a Frank" (see Frank).

A generalization of the tribal name; the connection is that Franks, as the conquering class, alone had the status of freemen in a world that knew only free, captive, or slave. For sense connection of "being one of the nation" and "free," compare Latin liber "free," from the same root as German Leute "nation, people" (see liberal (adj.)) and Slavic "free" words (Old Church Slavonic svobodi, Polish swobodny, Serbo-Croatian slobodan) which are cognates of the first element in English sibling "brother, sister" (in Old English used more generally: "relative, kinsman").

Frank (n.)

one of the Germanic tribal people (Salian Franks) situated on the lower Rhine from 3c. that conquered Romano-Celtic northern Gaul c.500 C.E.; from their territory and partly from their language grew modern France and French. Old English franc, franca "freeman, noble; Frank, Frenchman," from Medieval Latin francus, a Late Latin borrowing of Frankish *Frank, the people's self-designation (cognate with Old High German Franko, the Latin word also is the source of Spanish and Italian names Franco).

The origin of the ethnic name is uncertain; it traditionally is said to be from the old Germanic word *frankon "javelin, lance" (compare Old English franca "lance, javelin"), their preferred weapon, but the reverse may be the case. Compare also Saxon, traditionally from root of Old English seax "knife." The adjectival sense of "free, at liberty" (see frank (adj.)) probably developed from the tribal name, not the other way round. It was noted by 1680s that, in the Levant, this was the name given to anyone of Western nationality (compare Feringhee and lingua franca).

frank (n.)

short for frankfurter, by 1916, American English. Franks and beans attested by 1953.

frank (v.)

"to free a letter for carriage or an article for publication, to send by public conveyance free of expense," 1708, from shortened form of French affranchir, from a- "to" + franchir "to free" (see franchise (v.)). A British parliamentary privilege from 1660-1840; in U.S. Congress, technically abolished 1873. Related: Franked; franking. As a noun, "signature of one entitled to send letters for free," from 1713.

1. Frank Deford is a contributing editor for Vanity Fair magazine.

フランク?フォードは雑誌『名利場』の特約編集者である。

2. Frank is of the opinion that the 1934 yacht should have won.

フランクは1934年の帆船が勝ったと考えている。

3.She hadn 't followed her instinct and because of this Frank was dead.

彼女は自分の心の中の話に耳を傾けなかったので、フランクは死んだ。

4. Frank put the first plank down and nailed it in place.

フランクは最初の厚い板を置いて、適切な位置に釘付けにした。

5. Frank had been struck down by a massive heart attack.

フランクの体はすでに深刻な心臓病に引きずられている。