grovel

• vi.這う；ひれ伏す；横たわる

語源的にはcreep（登る）と同じ。

grovel

grovel: [16] Old and Middle English had a suffix -ling, used for making adverbs denoting direction or condition. Few survive, and of those that do, most have had their -ling changed to the more logical-sounding -long (headlong and sidelong, for instance, used to be headling and sideling; darkling still hangs on – just – unchanged).

Among them was grovelling, an adverb meaning ‘face downwards’ based on the phrase on grufe ‘on the face or stomach’, which in turn was a partial translation of Old Norse á grúfu, literally ‘on proneness’ (grúfu may be related to English creep). It was not long before grovelling came to be regarded as a present participle, and the new verb grovel was coined from it.
=> creep

grovel (v.)

1590s, Shakespearean back-formation from groveling "on the face, prostrate" (mid-14c.), also used in Middle English as an adjective but probably really an adverb, from gruffe, from Old Norse grufe "prone" + obsolete adverbial suffix -ling (which survives also as the -long in headlong, sidelong). The Old Norse word is found in liggja à grufu "lie face-down," literally "lie on proneness." Old Norse also had grufla "to grovel," grufa "to grovel, cower, crouch down." The whole group is perhaps related to creep (v.). Related: Groveled; grovelled; groveling; grovelling.

1. Speakers have been shouted down，classes disrupted，teachers made to grovel .

スポークスマンの声が叫び声に覆われ、授業は混乱し、先生たちはよく忠告しなければならなかった。

2.I don 't grovel to anybody.

私は誰に対しても卑屈になりません。

3.Don 't grovel —stick up for yourself！

卑屈にならないで——自衛せよ！

4.He said he would never grovel before a conqueror.

征服者の足元で尾行したり哀れみを求めたりすることは決してないと言っていた。dd>

5.She will not grovel to anyone.

彼女は誰にも屈服しない。