handicap

• n. 障害；好ましくない状態、好ましくない要因
• vt.妨害する；妨げる；不利にする

来自短语手入帽，一种行于17世纪的娱乐游戏，大致规则如下：甲乙双方有两件价值不同的物品，请丙当裁判所来评估价差，然后补齐差价进行交换。同時に、AとBは両手で帽子の中に入れる保証金を払って、もし審判Cは価格の差を査定してAとBは両方とも同意して、それから彼らは品物を交換して、もし価格の差がAとBは同意しないで、品物は交換しないで、しかし審判に保証金を払って、もし当事者の一方が同意してもう一方が同意しないで、しかし当事者の保証金の不一致は当事者と同意して、品物は交換しないで、しかし差の大きい範囲を避けるために、しかし差の大きい範囲を避けるために。一方の当事者が同意し、他方の当事者が同意しないが、手付金は同意した当事者に入る場合、品物は交換されないが、より大きな程度の損失は回避される。重要なのは、レフェリーが個人的な利益を最大化するために、できるだけ公正な見積もりをし、評判を高め、他の人がレフェリーのところに来るようにし、もし両当事者がレフェリーが不公正であると同意すれば、二度と誰もレフェリーのところに来なくなるという事実にある。そして、ゲームによって、競馬、ボールゲーム、チェスゲームなどのような単語譲歩レースの意味を導き出すだけでなく、障害者、身体障害者、つまり、違反の意味を持つ、させる必要がある人を参照するために使用されます。

handicap

handicap: [17] The word handicap originally denoted a sort of game of chance in which one person put up one of his or her personal possessions against an article belonging to someone else (for example one might match a gold watch against the other’s horse) and an umpire was appointed to adjudicate on the respective values of the articles. All three parties put their hands into a hat, together with a wager, and on hearing the umpire’s verdict the two opponents had to withdraw them in such a way as to indicate whether they wished to proceed with the game.

If they agreed, either in favour of proceeding or against, the umpire took the money; but if they disagreed, the one who wanted to proceed took it. It was the concealing of the hands in the hat that gave the game its name hand in cap, hand i’ cap, source of modern English handicap. In the 18th century the same term was applied to a sort of horse race between two horses, in which an umpire decided on a weight disadvantage to be imposed on a superior horse and again the owners of the horses signalled their assent to or dissent from his adjudication by the way in which they withdrew their hands from a hat.

Such a race became known as a handicap race, and in the 19th century the term handicap first broadened out to any contest in which inequalities are artificially evened out, and was eventually transferred to the ‘disadvantage’ imposed on superior contestants – whence the main modern meaning, ‘disadvantage, disability’.

handicap (n.)

1650s, from hand in cap, a game whereby two bettors would engage a neutral umpire to determine the odds in an unequal contest. The bettors would put their hands holding forfeit money into a hat or cap. The umpire would announce the odds and the bettors would withdraw their hands -- hands full meaning that they accepted the odds and the bet was on, hands empty meaning they did not accept the bet and were willing to forfeit the money. If one forfeited, then the money went to the other. If both agreed either on forfeiting or going ahead with the wager, then the umpire kept the money as payment. The custom, though not the name, is attested from 14c. ("Piers Plowman").

Reference to horse racing is 1754 (Handy-Cap Match), where the umpire decrees the superior horse should carry extra weight as a "handicap;" this led to sense of "encumbrance, disability" first recorded 1890. The main modern sense, "a mental or physical disability," is the last to develop, early 20c.

handicap (v.)

"equalize chances of competitors," 1852, but implied in the horse-race sense from mid-18c., from handicap (n.). Meaning "put at a disadvantage" is from 1864. Earliest verbal sense, now obsolete, was "to gain as in a wagering game" (1640s). Related: Handicapped; handicapping.

1. I see your handicap is down from 16 to 12.

私はあなたの危ういところが16打から12打に下がったことを発見しました。

2.Some hearing-impaired children may work harder to overcome their handicap .

聴覚障害のある子供たちは、この欠陥を克服するためにもっと力を入れる必要があるかもしれません。

3.His golf handicap hovered between 10 and 12.

彼のゴルフボールは10?12打の間をさまようところだった。

4.Being a foreigner was not a handicap .

外国人であることは障害ではありません。

5.His vacuity was a handicap in these debates.

これらの議論では、思想が貧しいことが弱点の1つである。