mean

• 平均的な；下劣な；劣った
• vt.平均的な; 望む; 欲望する
• n. 平均的な
• vi. 意図
• n. （平均的な）人の名前；（カンボジア語の）綿花

古英語 maenan, 意味, 意図, PIE *meino, 意見, 意思, *men, 思考, アイデアから, 語源は mind, mania と同じ。

古英語のgemaene, common, public, generalから、原語ゲルマン語の*ga-mainiz, commonから、PIE *ko-moin, common, public, *ko, togetherから、語源的にはcom-,*moin, to exchange, interoperateと同じ、語源的にはcommon, mutableと同じ。さらに蔑称で、意地悪、ケチ、意地悪の意味で使われる。

ラテン語のmedianus, medius, in the middleから, 語源的にはmiddle, medialと同じ.

mean

mean: English has three distinct words mean. The oldest, ‘intend’ [OE], goes back via a prehistoric West Germanic *mainjan to the Indo-European base *men- ‘think’ (source also of English memory, mention, mind, etc). The adjective ‘petty, stingy’ [12] originally meant ‘common, shared by all’. It comes from a prehistoric Germanic *gamainiz (source also of German gemein ‘common, shared’), which was formed from the collective prefix *ga- and *mainiz.

This went back to an Indo-European base *moi-, *mei- ‘change, exchange’, which also lies behind English mad, moult, mutate, mutual, and the second syllable of common. Mean’s semantic history can be traced from ‘common to all’ via ‘inferior’ and ‘low, ignoble’ to ‘petty’. The adjective ‘intermediate, average’ [14] came via Anglo-Norman meen and Old French meien from Latin mediānus (source of English median), a derivative of medius ‘middle’ (source of English medium).

It forms the basis of the plural noun means ‘method’ [14], and of the compound adverb meanwhile [15].
=> memory, mention, mind; common, mad, moult, mutate, mutual; median, medium

mean (v.1)

"intend, have in mind," Old English m?nan "to mean, intend, signify; tell, say; complain, lament," from West Germanic *mainijan (cognates: Old Frisian mena "to signify," Old Saxon menian "to intend, signify, make known," Dutch menen, German meinen "think, suppose, be of the opinion"), from PIE *meino- "opinion, intent" (cognates: Old Church Slavonic meniti "to think, have an opinion," Old Irish mian "wish, desire," Welsh mwyn "enjoyment"), perhaps from root *men- "think" (see mind (n.)). Conversational question you know what I mean? attested by 1834.

mean (adj.1)

"low-quality," c. 1200, "shared by all," from imene, from Old English gem?ne "common, public, general, universal, shared by all," from Proto-Germanic *ga-mainiz "possessed jointly" (cognates: Old Frisian mene, Old Saxon gimeni, Middle Low German gemeine, Middle Dutch gemene, Dutch gemeen, German gemein, Gothic gamains "common"), from PIE *ko-moin-i- "held in common," a compound adjective formed from collective prefix *ko- "together" (Proto-Germanic *ga-) + *moi-n-, suffixed form of PIE root *mei- (1) "to change, exchange" (see mutable). Compare second element in common (adj.), a word with a sense evolution parallel to that of this word.

Of things, "inferior, second-rate," from late 14c. (a secondary sense in Old English was "false, wicked"). Notion of "so-so, mediocre" led to confusion with mean (n.). Meaning "inferior in rank or status" (of persons) emerged early 14c.; that of "ordinary" from late 14c.; that of "stingy, nasty" first recorded 1660s; weaker sense of "disobliging, pettily offensive" is from 1839, originally American English slang. Inverted sense of "remarkably good" (i.e. plays a mean saxophone) first recorded c. 1900, perhaps from phrase no mean _______ "not inferior" (1590s, also, "not average," reflecting further confusion with mean (n.)).

mean (n.)

"that which is halfway between extremes," early 14c., from Old French meien "middle, means, intermediary," noun use of adjective from Latin medianus "of or that is in the middle" (see mean (adj.2)). Oldest sense is musical; mathematical sense is from c. 1500. Some senes reflect confusion with mean (adj.1). This is the mean in by no means (late 15c.).

mean (v.2)

"calculate an arithmetical mean," 1882, from mean (n.).

mean (adj.2)

"occupying a middle or intermediate place," mid-14c., from Anglo-French meines (plural), Old French meien, variant of moiien "mid-, medium, common, middle-class" (12c., Modern French moyen), from Late Latin medianus "of the middle," from Latin medius "in the middle" (see medial (adj.)). Meaning "intermediate in time" is from mid-15c. Mathematical sense is from late 14c.

1. When life gets hard and you want to give up，remember that life is full of ups and downs，and without the downs，the ups would mean nothing.

生活が苦しくて、諦めたいときは、生活は浮き沈みに満ちていて、谷がなければ高いところに立っても意味がないことを覚えておいてください。

は

2.から「What do you mean ？」I asked，offended on Liddie 's behalf.「どういう意味だ？」私は尋ねた、リディのために憤慨した。

3.This will mean more remand prisoners being held in police cells.

これは、より多くの犯人が警察署の留置場に拘束されることを意味します。

4.Take a hundred and twenty values and calculate the mean .

120個の値を用いて平均数を計算する。

5.But that doesn 't mean this brand of politics is dead or dying.

しかし、それはこのような政治的主張がすでに消滅していることを意味するものではない。