pain: [13] ‘Punishment’ (now encountered only in such phrases as on pain of death) is the ancestral meaning of pain; ‘suffering’ is a secondary development. The word comes via Old French peine and Latin poena from Greek poiné ‘punishment, penalty’. Its original connotations are preserved in the related penal [15], penalty [16], penance [13], penitence [12], and punish, its later associations in the related verb pine. => penal, penalty, penance, pine, punish
pain (n.)
late 13c., "punishment," especially for a crime; also "condition one feels when hurt, opposite of pleasure," from Old French peine "difficulty, woe, suffering, punishment, Hell's torments" (11c.), from Latin poena "punishment, penalty, retribution, indemnification" (in Late Latin also "torment, hardship, suffering"), from Greek poine "retribution, penalty, quit-money for spilled blood," from PIE *kwei- "to pay, atone, compensate" (see penal). The earliest sense in English survives in phrase on pain of death.
Phrase to give (someone) a pain "be annoying and irritating" is from 1908; localized as pain in the neck (1924) and pain in the ass (1934), though this last might have gone long unrecorded and be the original sense and the others euphemisms. Pains "great care taken (for some purpose)" is first recorded 1520s (in the singular in this sense, it is attested from c. 1300). First record of pain-killer is from 1853.
pain (v.)
c. 1300, "to exert or strain oneself, strive; endeavor," from Old French pener (v.) "to hurt, cause pain," from peine, and from Middle English peine (n.); see pain (n.). Transitive meaning "cause pain; inflict pain" is from late 14c. That of "to cause sorrow, grief, or unhappiness" also is from late 14c. Related: Pained; paining.
例文
1. I felt a sharp pain in my lower back.
私は後腰に激しい痛みを感じた。
2.After the pain of defeat passes，England have some thinking to do.
失敗の苦しみが過ぎ去った後、イギリス人は真剣に反省すべきだ。
3.We were forbidden，under pain of imprisonment，to use our native language.
私たちは母国語の使用を禁止され、違反者は刑務所に入れられます。
4.Our instinctive reaction when someone causes us pain is to strike back.
人にかわいがられたときの本能的な反応は反撃である。
5.He was struck by a stabbing pain in his midriff.