rough

• adj.大雑把な; 大雑把な; 大雑把な; 大雑把な; 大雑把な; 未加工の
• vt.荒っぽくする; 乱暴に扱う; 草案する
• n. 困難；不揃いな地面；未加工の材料；部品の粗さ
• vi. 乱暴にふるまう
• adv.大雑把に；乱暴に
• n. （ラフな）人名；（英）ラフ

古英語のruh、荒い、ぼろぼろ、毛むくじゃら、原語ゲルマン語*rukhaz、砕ける、PIE*reue、砕く、割る、から、語源的には破滅、ぼろ、から。

rough

rough: [OE] Rough goes back to a prehistoric West Germanic *rūkhwaz, which also produced German rauh and Dutch ruw. Despite the similarity of form and sense, ruffian is not related, and there is no evidence that ruffle is either.

rough (n.)

c. 1200, "broken ground," from rough (adj.). Meaning "a rowdy" is first attested 1837. Specific sense in golf is from 1901. Phrase in the rough "in an unfinished or unprocessed condition" (of timber, etc.) is from 1819.

rough (adj.)

Old English ruh "rough, coarse (of cloth); hairy, shaggy; untrimmed, uncultivated," from West Germanic *rukhwaz "shaggy, hairy, rough" (cognates: Middle Dutch ruuch, Dutch ruig, Old High German ruher, German rauh), from Proto-Germanic *rukhaz, from PIE *reue- (2) "to smash, knock down, tear out, dig up" (cognates: Sanskrit ruksah "rough;" Latin ruga "wrinkle," ruere "to rush, fall violently, collapse," ruina "a collapse;" Lithuanian raukas "wrinkle," rukti "to shrink").

The original -gh- sound was guttural, as in Scottish loch. Sense of "approximate" is first recorded c. 1600. Of places, "riotous, disorderly, characterized by violent action," 1863. Rough draft is from 1690s. Rough-and-ready is from 1810, originally military; rough-and-tumble (1810) is from a style of free-fighting.

rough (v.)

late 15c., from rough (adj.). Related: Roughed; roughing. Phrase rough it "submit to hardships" (1768) is originally nautical:

To lie rough; to lie all night in one's clothes: called also roughing it. Likewise to sleep on the bare deck of a ship, when the person is commonly advised to chuse the softest plank. [Grose, "Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue," 1788]

To rough out "shape or plan approximately" is from 1770. To rough up "make rough" is from 1763. To rough (someone) up "beat up, jostle violently" is from 1868. The U.S. football penalty roughing was originally a term from boxing (1866).

1. The company I work for went through a rough patch.

私の会社は困難な時期を経験しました。

2.She passed the needle through the rough cloth，back and forth.

彼女はその粗い布を一針一針縫った。

3.A fishing vessel and a cargo ship collided in rough seas.

漁船と貨物船が荒海で衝突した。

4.All women have a rough time in our society.

私たちの社会では、すべての女性の生活は過ごしにくい。

5.His hands were rough and calloused,from years of karate practice.

長年空手を練習してきたため、両手は粗雑で繭だらけだった。