shark

• n. 詐欺師
• vi. 詐欺
• vt. 恐喝

語源は定かではないが、カリブ海の先住民の言語であるキソック（xok）に由来する可能性がある。キソックは16世紀の英国人提督、ジョン?ホーキンス卿によって英語に導入され、彼はこの比喩を詐欺師や嘘つきという意味に拡大した。また、この言葉はもともと詐欺師、嘘つきという意味で、後にこの獰猛な魚を指す言葉として使われるようになったという説もある。

16世紀以前、イギリスの船乗りは、サメが犬のように噛むことから「シー?ドッグ」と呼んでいた。今日に至るまで、英語では多くの種類の小型サメを指してドッグフィッシュが使われており、1650年代には、イギリスの有名な探検家、商人、海賊であったジョン?ホーキンスが、様々な小型サメを指して「サメ」という言葉を使っていた。ジョン?ホーキンス（John Hawkins）は新世界への航海中、カリブ海で巨大なサメを捕らえ、標本にしてイギリスのロンドンに持ち帰り展示する。このサメを一般に紹介する際、ホーキンスの船員たちはサメと呼んだが、この言葉はネイティブ?アメリカンのサメを意味する言葉から来ていると思われる。現代英語のシャークはこれに由来する。

shark: [?ɑ?k] n.サメ、詐欺師 v.恐喝、詐欺

shark

shark: [16] The origins of the word shark are obscure. It appears to have been introduced to English in the late 1560s by members of Sir John Hawkins’ expedition (a ballad of 1569 recorded ‘There is no proper name for [the fish] that I know, but that certain men of Captain Hawkins’s doth call it a shark’), but it is not known where they got it from. A resemblance to Austrian dialect schirk ‘sturgeon’ has been noted. Also not clear is whether shark ‘swindler’ (first recorded in the 18th century) is the same word; an alternative possibility is that it came from German schurke ‘scoundrel’.

shark (n.)

1560s, of uncertain origin; apparently the word and the first specimen were brought to London by Capt. John Hawkins's second expedition (landed 1565; see Hakluyt).

There is no proper name for it that I knowe, but that sertayne men of Captayne Haukinses doth call it a 'sharke' [handbill advertising an exhibition of the specimen, 1569]

The meaning "dishonest person who preys on others," though attested only from 1599 (sharker "artful swindler" in this sense is from 1594), may be the original sense, later transferred to the large, voracious marine fish. If so, it is possibly from German Schorck, a variant of Schurke "scoundrel, villain," agent noun of Middle High German schürgen (German schüren) "to poke, stir."

But on another theory, the English word is from a Mayan word, xoc, which might have meant "shark." Northern Europeans seem not to have been familiar with sharks before voyages to the tropics began. A slightly earlier name for it in English was tiburon, via Spanish (where it is attested by 1520s), from the Carib name for the fish.

The English word was applied (or re-applied) to voracious or predatory persons, on the image of the fish, from 1707 (originally of pick-pockets); loan shark is attested from 1905. Sharkskin (1851) was used for binding books, etc. As the name of a type of fabric held to resemble it, it is recorded from 1932.

There is the ordinary Brown Shark, or sea attorney, so called by sailors; a grasping, rapacious varlet, that in spite of the hard knocks received from it, often snapped viciously at our steering oar. [Herman Melville, "Mardi"]

shark (v.)

c. 1600, "to live by one's wits," of uncertain origin (see shark (n.)); according to OED, at least partly a variant of shirk. Meaning "obtain by sharking" is from 1610s. Related: Sharked; sharking.

1. The shark was writhing around wildly，trying to get free.

サメは必死にもがいて、脱出しようとした。

2.The shark dived down and swam under the boat.

サメは急速に水中に潜り、船の下を泳いでいる。

3.a shark 's dorsal fin

サメの背びれ

4.Panic swept through the swimmers as they saw the shark approaching.

泳いでいる人はサメが近づくのを見てパニックになった。

5.They were killed by a man-eating shark .

彼らは人を食べるサメに殺された。