standard

• n. 標準; 基準; 旗; 度量衡の標準
• adj.標準；標準化された；優秀と認められた
• n. （標準）人名; （英）Standard; （独）Steindlard

古フランス語のestandart（軍旗、旗）から。standard、normなどから派生。

standard

standard: Standard ‘flag, banner’ [12] denotes etymologically something that is ‘extended’ or unfurled. The word comes from Anglo-Norman estaundart ‘flag displayed on a battlefield so that troops can rally to it’. This was a derivative of Old French estendre ‘extend’ (first cousin of English extend). The sense ‘criterion, norm’, which emerged in the 15th century, is probably a metaphorical application of the notion of the ‘royal standard’ or banner as being the point from which authoritative commands (as of standards of weight and measurement) are issued. Standard ‘upright object, such as a tree’ [13] is probably an alteration of stander.
=> extend; stand

standard (n.1)

mid-12c., "flag or other conspicuous object to serve as a rallying point for a military force," from shortened form of Old French estandart "military standard, banner." According to Barnhart and others, this is probably from Frankish *standhard, literally "stand fast or firm," a compound of unrecorded Frankish words cognate stand (v.) and hard. So called because the flag was fixed to a pole or spear and stuck in the ground to stand upright. The more common theory [OED, etc.] calls this folk-etymology and connects the Old French word to estendre "to stretch out," from Latin extendere (see extend). Some senses (such as "upright pole," mid-15c.) seem to be influenced by if not from stand (v.). Standard-bearer in the figurative sense is from 1560s.

standard (adj.)

1620s, "serving as a standard," from standard (adj.). Earlier it meant "upright" (1530s). Standard-bred "bred up to some agreed-upon standard of excellence" is from 1888.

standard (n.2)

"weight, measure, or instrument by which the accuracy of others is determined," late 14c., from standard (n.1) "military standard, banner," a particular use in English of this word, but the sense evolution is "somewhat obscure" [OED]. The standard weights and measures were set by royal ordinance and were known as the king's standard, so perhaps metaphoric, the royal standard coming to stand for royal authority in matters like setting weights and measures. Hence the meaning "authoritative or recognized exemplar of quality or correctness" (late 15c.). Meaning "rule, principal or means of judgment" is from 1560s. That of "definite level of attainment" is attested from 1711 (as in standard of living, 1903).

1. The London Evening Standard moved offices a few years ago.

「ロンドン標準夕刊」のアドレスは数年前に移転した。

2.The standard of living today is on the edge of subsistence.

現在の生活水準ではほとんど生計を立てられなくなりそうだ。

3.Residents in general are poor and undereducated,and live in sub- standard housing.

住民は一般的に貧しく、教育を受けている程度が低く、居住条件が悪い。

4.It carried off the Evening Standard drama award for best play.

ロンドンの夜の標準演劇賞の最優秀演劇賞を受賞した。

5.Generations of students have learnt to parrot the standard explanations.

世代の次世代の学生は、これらの標準的な解釈を機械的に繰り返すことを学んだ。