stiff

• adj.堅く; 厳しく; 束縛される
• adv.厳格に; 徹底的に
• n. 死体；不愉快な人；交渉道具；労働者
• vt. 詐取する；信義を破る

古英語のstif「硬い、堅い」から、原語ゲルマン語*stifaz「堅い、非弾性」から、PIE*steip「押す、詰める、詰め込む」から、おそらくPIE*steu「押す、絞る、打つ」から、語源的にはsteep「急ぐ」stoop「詰め込む」と同じ。

stiff

stiff: [OE] Stiff goes back to prehistoric Germanic *stīfaz ‘inflexible’, source also of German steif, Dutch stiff, Swedish styf, and Danish stiv. This in turn was descended from an Indo-European *stīpos, a derivative of the same base as produced Latin stīpāre ‘press, pack’ (source of English constipate and stevedore), Latvian stipt ‘stiffen’, and Lithuanian stiprùs ‘strong’.
=> constipation, stevedore

stiff (adj.)

Old English stif "rigid, inflexible," from Proto-Germanic *stifaz "inflexible" (cognates: Dutch stijf, Old High German stif, German steif "stiff;" Old Norse stifla "choke"), from PIE *stipos-, from root *steip- "press together, pack, cram" (cognates: Sanskrit styayate "coagulates," stima "slow;" Greek stia, stion "small stone," steibo "press together;" Latin stipare "pack down, press," stipes "post, tree trunk;" Lithuanian stipti "stiffen," stiprus "strong;" Old Church Slavonic stena "wall"). Of battles and competitions, from mid-13c.; of liquor, from 1813. To keep a stiff upper lip is attested from 1815. Related: Stiffly.

stiff (v.)

late 14c., "to make stiff," from stiff (adj.). Meaning "fail to tip" is from 1939, originally among restaurant and hotel workers, probably from stiff (n.), perhaps in slang sense of "corpse" (because dead men pay no tips), or from the "contemptible person" sense. Extended by 1950 to "cheat."

stiff (n.)

"corpse, dead body," 1859, slang, from stiff (adj.) which had been associated with notion of rigor mortis since c. 1200. Meaning "working man" first recorded 1930, from earlier genitive sense of "contemptible person," but sometimes merely "man, fellow" (1882). Slang meaning "something or someone bound to lose" is 1890 (originally of racehorses), from notion of "corpse."

1. A stiff knee following surgery forced her to walk with a limp.

手術後の彼女の膝の動きは不便で、歩く時に足を引っ張られた。

2.I was scared stiff when I realized what I 'ddone.

自分のしたことに気づいたとき、私はびっくりしました。

3.Whisk the egg whites until they are foamy but not stiff .

泡が出てべたつかない程度に卵白をかき混ぜる。

4.The outer walls looked likely to tumble down in a stiff wind.

外壁は強風が吹くと崩れるように見える。

5.The pedals seem a bit off-centre and the clutch is rather stiff .

ペダルは少し偏心しているようで、クラッチもかなりきつい。