strain

• n. 緊張；緊張；負担；捻挫；血
• vi. 緊張する；努力する
• vt.緊張する；酷使する；緊張する；努力する
• n. （ひずみ）人名；（英）Strand

古フランス語のestreindre「縛る」「きつく引っ張る」から。ラテン語のstringere「縛る」「きつく引っ張る」「圧迫する」、PIE*strenk「きつい」「狭い」が語源で、語源的にはstrict「ストレス」「ストリンジェント」と同じ。ひずみ、引っ張り、張力など。

中英語のstreon, race, strain, lineageから、古英語のstreon, harvest, wealth, reproductionから、原語ゲルマン語*streuna, pile, harvestから、PIE*stere, unfold, spreadから、語源的にはstrew, stratum, structureと同じ。動植物の系統、病原菌の種類や品種。

strain

strain: English has two distinct words strain. The older, ‘line of ancestry’ [OE], denotes etymologically ‘something gained by accumulation’. It comes from the prehistoric base *streu- ‘pile up’, which was related to Latin struere ‘build’ (source of English destroy, structure, etc). In the Old English period the notion of ‘gaining something’ was extended metaphorically to ‘producing offspring’, which formed the jumping-off point for the word’s modern range of meanings. Strain ‘pull tight, wrench’ [13] was borrowed from estreign-, the stem form of Old French estreindre ‘pull tight, tie’.

This in turn was descended from Latin stringere ‘pull tight, tie tight’ (source also of English strait, strict, and stringent [17] and of a host of derived forms such as constrain [14], prestige, restrain [14] and constrict, district, restrict, etc). Strain ‘tune’ [16] is assumed to be the same word, perhaps deriving ultimately from the notion of ‘stretching’ the strings of a musical instrument.
=> construct, destroy, structure; constrain, constrict, district, prestige, restrain, restrict, strait, strict, stringent

strain (v.)

c. 1300, "tie, bind, fasten, gird," from present participle stem of Old French estreindre "bind tightly, clasp, squeeze," from Latin stringere (2) "draw tight, bind tight, compress, press together," from PIE root *streig- "to stroke, rub, press" (cognates: Lithuanian stregti "congeal, freeze, become stiff;" Greek strangein "twist;" Old High German strician "mends nets;" Old English streccian "to stretch;" German stramm, Dutch stram "stiff").

From late 14c. as "tighten; make taut," also "exert oneself; overexert (a body part)," Sense of "press through a filter, put (a liquid) through a strainer" is from early 14c. (implied in strainer); that of "to stress beyond measure, carry too far, make a forced interpretation of" is from mid-15c. Related: Strained; straining.

strain (n.2)

"line of descent, lineage, breed, ancestry," c. 1200, from Old English strion, streon "a gain, acquisition, treasure; a begetting, procreation," from Proto-Germanic *streu-nam- "to pile up," from PIE root *stere- "to spread, extend, stretch out" (see structure (n.)). Hence "race, stock, line" (early 14c.). Applied to animal species from c. 1600; usually involving fairly minor variations, but not distinct from breed (n.). Normal sound development would have yielded *streen, but the word was altered in late Middle English, apparently by influence of strain (n.1).

strain (n.1)

"injury caused by straining," c. 1400, from strain (v.). The meaning "passage of music" (1570s) probably developed from a verbal sense of "to tighten" the voice, which originally was used in reference to the strings of a musical instrument (late 14c.).

1. The whole ship shuddered and trembled at the sudden strain .

突然の引張力により船全体が激しく震えた。

2.There was a strain of bitterness in his voice.

彼の声は少し憤慨しているように聞こえる。

3.Her voice was so low he had to strain to catch it.

彼女の声は低く、彼は苦労して聞こえた。

4.Avoid muscle strain by warming up with slow jogging.

先にジョギングして熱を加え、筋肉を傷つけないようにします。

5. Strain the mixture through a double thickness of muslin or cheesecloth.

混合物を二重平織りの細布またはチーズで包んで濾過した。