thwart

• 挫折させる；反対する；妨げる；横切る
• adj.横切る; 頑固な
• n. 漕ぎ手の座席；カヌーの梁
• adv.
• prep.

もともとは古ノルド語のthvert, through, acrossに由来する副詞で、原語ゲルマン語*thwerh, to twist, crossから転じたもの、PIE*terkw, to turnから転じたもの、PIE*ter,*tere, to bend, to turn, to pass throughから転じたもの、語源的にはturn, through, trans-と同じ。 停止する、妨害する、など反対の意味を持つ動詞の後置派生。

thwart

thwart: [13] Thwart was originally an adverb and adjective, meaning ‘across, crosswise’. It was however used as a verb, meaning ‘obstruct’ (from the metaphorical notion of ‘crossing’ someone) as early as the 13th century. It was borrowed from Old Norse thvert, the neuter form of thverr ‘transverse’. This went back to a prehistoric Germanic *thwerkhwaz (possible source also of English queer), which in turn was descended from Indo-European *twork-, *twerk- ‘twist’ (source also of English torch, torment, torture, etc).

How the noun thwart ‘seat across a boat’ [18] fits into the picture is not altogether clear. Its modern meaning clearly connects it with thwart ‘across’, but the notion of ‘crosswise’ may have been a secondary development. For an earlier noun thought ‘seat in a boat’ existed, which came ultimately from Old English thofta ‘rower’s bench’, and it could be that thwart the modern English noun represents a blending, both formal and semantic, of thwart ‘across’ with the now obsolete thought.
=> queer, torch, torment, torture

thwart (adv.)

c. 1200, from a Scandinavian source, probably Old Norse tvert "across," originally neuter of thverr (adj.) "transverse, across," cognate with Old English tweorh "transverse, perverse, angry, cross," from Proto-Germanic *thwerh- "twisted, oblique" (cognates: Middle Dutch dwers, Dutch dwars "cross-grained, contrary," Old High German twerh, German quer, Gothic twairhs "angry"), altered (by influence of *thwer- "to turn") from *therkh-, from PIE *terkw- "to twist" (cognates: Latin torquere "to twist," Sanskrit tarkuh "spindle," Old Church Slavonic traku "band, girdle," Old High German drahsil "turner," German drechseln "to turn on a lathe"), possibly a variant of *twerk- "to cut." From mid-13c. as an adjective.

thwart (v.)

"oppose, hinder," mid-13c., from thwart (adv.). Related: Thwarted; thwarting.

1. The accounting firm deliberately destroyed documents to thwart government investigators.

会計事務所は故意に書類を破壊し、政府の調査を妨害した。

2.to thwart sb 's plans

誰かの計画を妨害

3.We must thwart his malevolent schemes.

私たちは決して彼の悪辣な陰謀を成功させることはできません。

4.The Everton keeper needed all his courage to thwart a charging Vinny Jones in full flow.

エバートンのゴールキーパーは、コンディションの良いヴィニー?ジョーンズの突撃シュートに耐えるためには、勇気を出してこそ可能性がある。

5.He sat down and，clinging to the thwart ，began to sob quietly.

彼は座って、座板をつかんで、低い声で泣き始めた。